The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and the Internet.
A thing, in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a network. So far, the Internet of Things has been most closely associated with machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in manufacturing and power, oil and gas utilities. Products built with M2M communication capabilities are often referred to as being smart. (See: smart label, smart meter, smart grid sensor)
IPv6’s huge increase in address space is an important factor in the development of the Internet of Things. According to Steve Leibson, who identifies himself as “occasional docent at the Computer History Museum,” the address space expansion means that we could “assign an IPV6 address to every atom on the surface of the earth, and still have enough addresses left to do another 100+ earths.” In other words, humans could easily assign an IP address to every "thing" on the planet. An increase in the number of smart nodes, as well as the amount of upstream data the nodes generate, is expected to raise new concerns aboutdata privacy, data sovereignty and security.
Although the concept wasn't named until 1999, the Internet of Things has been in development for decades. The first Internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Melon University in the early 1980s. The programmers could connect to the machine over the Internet, check the status of the machine and determine whether or not there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the trip down to the machine.
Kevin Ashton, cofounder and executive director of the Auto-ID Center at MIT, first mentioned the Internet of Things in a presentation he made to Procter & Gamble. Here’s how Ashton explains the potential of the Internet of Things:
“Today computers -- and, therefore, the Internet -- are almost wholly dependent on human beings for information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabytes (a petabyte is 1,024terabytes) of data available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings by typing, pressing a record button, taking a digital picture or scanning a bar code.
The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy -- all of which means they are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things -- using data they gathered without any help from us -- we would be able to track and count everything and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling and whether they were fresh or past their best.”
கணித மேதைகள் மூன்று பேர் + ஒரு சாதாரண ஆள் இவர்கள் நாலு பேரையும் ஒரு சிறையில் அடைத்து ஒரு சிக்கலான புதிரைக் கொடுத்து அதை விடுவிக்க சொன்னார்களாம். அந்த புதிரின் விடையின் படி அந்த சிறைக்கதவின் பூட்டை செட் செய்தால் அது திறந்து கொள்ளுமாம். கணித மேதைகள் மூன்று பேரும் மணிக்கணக்காக பேப்பர்களை வைத்துக் கொண்டு புதிரை விடுவிக்க மண்டையைப் பிய்த்துக்கொண்டிருந்த போது அந்த சாதாரண ஆள் கூலாக உட்கார்ந்திருந்தானாம். பின்னர் மெதுவாக நடந்து சென்று கதவைத் தள்ள அது திறந்து கொண்டதாம். அதாவது கதவு பூட்டப்படவே இல்லை. இதில் இருந்து நாம் தெரிந்து கொள்ளும் இன்னொரு விஷயம் என்ன என்றால் தீர்வுகளை காணும் முன் , பிரச்சினை உண்மையில் உள்ளதா? என்பதை தெரிந்து கொள்ள வேண்டும் ("Before working on the solutions, make sure the problem really exists!") கணித மேதைகள் மூன்று பேர் + ஒரு சாதாரண ஆள் இவர்கள் நாலு பேரையும் ஒரு சிறையில் அடைத்து ஒரு சிக்கலான புதிரைக் கொடுத்து அதை விடுவிக்க சொன்னார்களாம்.
அந்த புதிரின் விடையின் படி அந்த சிறைக்கதவின் பூட்டை செட் செய்தால் அது திறந்து கொள்ளுமாம்.
கணித மேதைகள் மூன்று பேரும் மணிக்கணக்காக பேப்பர்களை வைத்துக் கொண்டு புதிரை விடுவிக்க மண்டையைப் பிய்த்துக்கொண்டிருந்த போது அந்த சாதாரண ஆள் கூலாக உட்கார்ந்திருந்தானாம்.
பின்னர் மெதுவாக நடந்து சென்று கதவைத் தள்ள அது திறந்து கொண்டதாம். அதாவது கதவு பூட்டப்படவே இல்லை.
இதில் இருந்து நாம் தெரிந்து கொள்ளும் இன்னொரு விஷயம் என்ன என்றால்
தீர்வுகளை காணும் முன் , பிரச்சினை உண்மையில் உள்ளதா? என்பதை தெரிந்து கொள்ள வேண்டும் ("Before working on the solutions, make sure the problem really exists!")
Homeless college students and the fight to escape poverty through education
Young Americans are living out of cars and using public facilities as families and schools close doors and prioritise budgets
Often times, homeless students hide their circumstances from their classmates and teachers. Photograph: Design Pics Inc/REX
A month before his 18th birthday, Jeffrey Williams found himself homeless. The condition did not come out of blue, as Williams, who was adopted at the age of four, was warned about the fact by his adoptive parents, who said they would not support him after he graduated high school.
"They kind of told me, growing up, that this would happen, but I didn't think that this was actually going to happen,” says Williams. It was the summer of 2008 and Williams, a varsity football player who had just graduated high school, had two months to go before starting college – and a spot on the football team – at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan.
Working at McDonalds, Williams was earning just enough to pay for his food, transportation and phone bill. There was no way that he could afford to find a place of his own. Coming home to find his bags packed was a blow to Williams; he ended up spending the next two months sleeping on the couch of his biological grandfather, who eventually told him he had to leave.
The hardest part for Williams when he left the college dorms for school breaks, only to have nowhere to lay down his head: how could he keep up his college education like this?
"I had hopes and aspirations of going to school. I just got accepted and that's what helped me stay positive through the situation," he says.
Williams believes his situation could have turned out even worse than it did. "All the kids that have been adopted and their parents are putting them out, if they don't go to college, then there's a potential risk that they might be homeless."
"Jeff is most certainly not a special case. It happens to a lot of adopted and foster care youth," says Cyekeia Lee, director of higher education initiatives at theNational Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth. Lee first met Williams when he visited the financial aid office at Wayne University, where she worked as a financial aid officer at the time.
There are more than 1.1 million homeless children and youth enrolled in US public schools, according to the Department of Education. For many of them, college education just seems out of reach.
Fighting for aid
For Williams, paying for his college education, which would be his way out of homelessness, proved to be difficult. In order to receive financial assistance, Williams needed to prove that he was an independent student, with no family to pay his bills. According to the Department of Education, students are considered independent if they are homeless or have been in foster care. Unfortunately, the burden of proving their situation falls on the student, many of whom struggle to come up with the appropriate paperwork year after year or are unaware they have the option.
One thing does make it easier: the Department of Education has more fluid definition of homelessnessthan US Department of Housing and Urban Development, HUD – their definition defines homeless youth as "individuals who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence", and "children and youths who are sharing the housing of other persons due to loss of housing, economic hardship, or a similar reason". HUD's stricter definition requires applicants to actually be living on the street.
Even so, Williams faced challenges in making his case.
"They were telling me I needed my parents' information and I told them, 'I can't get my parents information, because they won't give me anything,'" Williams explained, adding that he had to write a letter and file an appeal regarding the school's decision to treat him as a dependent student.
His appeal was approved and he was recognized as an independent student, but for the most part the financial help came in the form of student loans: "Basically, [the reply was] you can go to school, but you're going to have to take out a lot of loans," says Williams. "And that's basically what I did. I took out a large portion of loans to pay for school."
Not all homeless can be found panhandling on the sidewalk. Some can be found in the classrooms of US colleges. Photograph: Janine Wiedel Photolibrary/Alamy
Frustrated with his situation, Williams took out another loan to move out of the dorms and find a place of his own. If he had not been a student, Williams would not have been able to take out such a loan and would have remained homeless. By the time he graduated, his student debt was $44,000.
"The good thing about student loans – if you can imagine there's a good thing – is that there aren't the type of credit checks that you would have to go through with a regular bank or a credit union. it's automatically guaranteed for the students with the promise to repay those funds back," explains Lee, noting that outside the college system the students would need co-signers on the loans.
"I would no longer be homeless," Williams says of his decision to take another loan to pay for somewhere to live. "I wouldn't get kicked out of the dorm with nowhere to go." Williams, who is currently attending graduate school and is on his way to becoming a social worker, has yet to start repaying his loans.
College education or roof over head?
While Williams' going to college helped him escape homelessness, for Danae Vachata going to college meant becoming homeless.
When Vachata got accepted into “the perfect academic program” at Louisiana State University, she didn’t hesitate. She packed up her bags, jumped into her jeep and moved from southern Illinois to Louisiana. It was only when she got to New Orleans that she found that the school wouldn’t recognize her as an independent student. Her dreams of being a doctor, or attend the school's physicians' assistant program, were put aside for lack of money.
Estranged from her family, Vachata had nowhere else to go. Deciding to stay in New Orleans, she transferred to a community college until she could figure out her next step.
Paying for community college out of her own pocket, she joined AmeriCorps in 2009 as an HIV aid counselor and outreach director – for the homeless.
Unfortunately, she soon joined them. Her job did not pay enough to pay for school and to make ends meet. A second job as a research assistant at a biomedical research center didn't bring her any closer to affording tuition.
The Department of Education has a more fluid definition of homelessness than other federal agencies, meaning student loans can go towards a place to live. Photograph: Kathy Willens/AP
“I was faced with a critical decision and that was to either drop out of school or pay for tuition and live out of my car", she says.
That was the moment, she says, when she realized the irony of the fact that she, an outreach director for the homeless, herself was now on the edge of homelessness.
I was sitting there and realizing that there are so many homeless [young people] in New Orleans and they don't have a choice to be homeless or to go to school. They don't have the option to go to college, because of all these barriers presented to them. That really bothered me and moved me and I realized, at that moment, that I was going to become homeless."
In part, Vachata made her decision because of her financial situation and desire to attend college, but part of her also felt that this experience would better enable her “to advocate for these kids that have been lost in the society.”
"Education may be expensive, but the cost of ignorance is much greater. I believe that my personal story is a huge testament that poverty is not simply a 'state of mind', but rather goes to prove the circumstance that you are born into has a heavy impact to your life path," she says.
She adds, your "'state of mind' is greatly influenced by your surroundings and is difficult to zone out the heavy, negative influences that are abundant in the lower socioeconomic atmospheres."
Living out of her jeep, Vachata continued her studies, and worked at a local hospital. Her work there provided her with a place to shower and nap as well as with clean clothing.
"I used scrubs for my clothes every single day. I didn't tell anybody in my class or in my school that I was homeless and I don't think they realized the facts, because I was always in scrubs," she says. "I spent so much time at the hospital, because I had no where else to go. I was able to learn the security guards by name. They knew I went to school there and they allowed me to pull all-nighters. Little did they know that I had no place to sleep."
At the same time, she continued to attempt to get recognized as an independent student.
"It got to the point where I had to share my childhood story with multiple people from the financial aid office, multiple people at the school. In a sense, I had to give up my privacy and I had a very scary moment when I had to portray to them why I am in this situation, why I don't have support [of my family]," she says.
It got to a point where I went and I printed out all my bank statements for the past three years, and I color coded and highlighted every single expense that I ever purchased to prove to them that I was not spending my money on clothing or things that I did not need."
Stereotypes of homelessness do not accord to the reality of people left without a place to live across the US, many of whom are young and resort to vehicles or work as stop-gap solutions. Photograph: Jonathan Brady/PA
It wasn't until Vachata called the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, crying that she no longer knew what to do, that she finally received some assistance. "If my sole future rested on the responsibility of the financial aid department, the ones who would seem to be the most willing to help me gain financial aid status, I would have failed," she insists. It wasn't until Eric Tars, center's senior attorney, contacted the school on her behalf that things finally began to get resolved.
By the time she graduated college, Vachata had paid over $50,000 for her education - part out of pocket and part in student loans, which she is currently paying off. She is considering going to med school.
Living in shame
The nerve wracking process of trying to prove that the student is homeless brings up a lot of shame about one's situation, says Lee.
It's embarrassing and demeaning to have to go into an office and explain to somebody why you don't have that typical American family, why you are homeless. We already have a mindset of what homelessness look like. We think: person on a bench, who is dirty. Maybe a scruffy old man.
We don't see these young flourishing youth that are clean and might have a decent haircut and clothes. These youth, they will go to a 24-hour gas station and bathroom to brush their teeth in, do their hair and pull themselves together to look presentable. But most of the time, they say it's just degrading to go and say 'I am homeless' because we have these pre-assumptions about people who are homeless, that they did something wrong or that they have horrible families."
Both Vachata and Williams kept their situation a secret from their classmates and instructors. "None of my instructors knew, because it was a shameful thing," says Williams. "I didn't really tell anyone besides my friends. No one really knew. I didn't even tell my coaches. I was ashamed that I had no home and had nowhere to go."
The process of attempting to obtain financial aid can be exhausting and often might prevent students from actually attending college. Homeless students are "extraordinarily driven, but these financial barriers are enormous. If they can't find a way to get [recognized as independent student] then it can be hugely frustrating for them," says Tars.
Colleges also need to be proactively dispelling the myth that a homeless student are less motivated and would be less successful in school, he says.
Most often, we see the exact opposite – that student's homelessness is motivating them to get out of homelessness, to concentrate on their studies, to be as successful as possible. These are students you want on your campus, that you want to do everything you can to support them, you shouldn't be trying to close your doors to them."
The fight ahead
Williams and Vachata are not the only ones to find themselves in this situation.
It has been enough to spur legislation. Last November, Senators Pat Murray, Tammy Baldwin and Mary Landrieu introduced the Higher Education Access and Success for Homeless and Foster Youth Act.
The bill would clarify that unaccompanied and homeless youth are to be considered independent. It would also remove the requirement that their status has to be re-determined every year. If the bill were to pass, colleges would be required to provide homeless and foster youth with in-state tuition and come up with a plan to provide them with housing during and in-between semesters.
The fact that such bill exists shows progress, but is not a reason to rejoice. The bill has a 2% chance of getting out of committee, Vachata points out, referring to thebill's page on govtrack.us. Yet, the homeless youth isn’t ready to give up. Instead they have launched aChange.org petition to encourage other US senators to cosponsor the bill and increase its chance of being passed.
“Congress and Senate need to see this face of homelessness … We must show evidence that the statistics can be overcome and that we are fighting and believing in them to reach that point,” says Vachata.
Poorest of poor dalit children get a world-class education
The Shanti Bhavan (Haven of Peace) school near Bangalore sets out to prove that children from extremely poor backgrounds, if given the right education and technology, succeed in a globalised world as well as their better-off counterparts
A dusty one-hour drive from Bangalore brings you to Shanti Bhavan residential school set up by Abraham George, an Indian who, after making it big in America, returned to India with a mission: to open a private non-sectarian boarding school for children of India's poorest of the poor. To take them out of their degraded environments and provide them access to quality education. To help them make something of their lives, and prove that, given access to the same technologies and education that have enabled other Indians to thrive in a globalised world, these children too can become leaders in their chosen fields.
Shanti Bhavan currently houses 160 students (all 'untouchables') -- children of poor farmers, daily-wage labourers, coolies, rag-pickers, quarry workers. "They come from homes below the poverty line, and from the lowest caste of untouchables, who are supposed to be fulfilling their destiny and left where they are -- according to the unwritten laws of Indian society," says Lalita Law, the school's principal. "We get these children at age 4. They don't know what it is to have a drink of clean water (or use a toilet). They bathe in filthy gutter water -- if they are lucky to have a gutter near where they live. They don't even have proper scraps of clothing."
Shanti Bhavan is a project of the George Foundation, Abraham George's not-for-profit organisation, set up in 1995 in Bangalore, India. The Foundation aims to alleviate poverty, promote environmental health and strengthen democratic institutions and values in developing countries. It believes that poor people are able to break the cycle of poverty and social deprivation only through institutions like Shanti Bhavan. The Foundation believes that the impact of major successes through training at Shanti Bhavan is permanent for the children and their families.
When Shanti Bhavan opened its doors in August 1997 it was with one clear objective: to shape the future of a select number of very poor children in India, integrate them in the mainstream and turn them into productive members of society. The belief is that the unhappy consequences of extreme want can be overcome if problems are tackled during the early stages of a child's development. Poor children are no different from their more fortunate counterparts if they are given a chance to dream and to aspire, and are supported through education and constant encouragement to realise their full potential.
At Shanti Bhavan, the children follow a comprehensive programme that meets their individual emotional, social, health and educational needs. They build character and self-esteem and their abilities are strengthened through various skills. They are taught to succeed not just in their immediate community but in the global marketplace. Their parents too are trained to play a positive role in the growth and development of their sons and daughters.
Shanti Bhavan takes in students at age four. These children have never had any kind of exposure to pre-nursery education. They have never held a pencil, nor have they been exposed to any form of educational stimuli. Therefore, the curriculum for the first three years has been designed to minimise stress. Teachers focus on developing close relationships with their students, to foster trust and confidence. Attention is paid to personal hygiene and social abilities. Most children are unfamiliar with a structured routine and the use of toilets, beds, tables, chairs and basic amenities that their counterparts from more privileged backgrounds take for granted. Adapting to a comfortable way of life is difficult. "We have to start by socialising them. When we first get them, they run out and urinate and defecate wherever they want. (At first) we don't make them sleep on beds because it is a culture shock. Our goal is to give them a world-class education so they can aspire to careers and professions that would have been totally beyond their reach, and have been so for generations," Law explains.
The students live on campus for a greater part of the year. Their parents visit them every three months, taking them home for short vacations twice a year.
Before admitting its students Shanti Bhavan researches the families of each child over a period of five months in order to ascertain his/her socio-economic profile. (The recruitment team consists of a social worker, a clinical psychologist, a paediatrician and the school principal.) This way, the overall needs of the community can be met in a more constructive way.
[B]Contact:[/B]The George Foundation
210, 5th Cross
3rd Block
HRBR Layout
Kalyananagar
Bangalore 560043
India
Tel:080- 25444170/25444164
E-mail:
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The function that is used to display output on screen is called:
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தெரிந்து கொள்வோம் ........
ரயில் பெட்டிகளிலுள்ள அபாயச் சங்கிலியை இழுத்தவுடன் ரயில் எப்படி நிற்கிறது தெரியுமா?
டீசல் மற்றும் மின்சார ரயில்கள் வாக்யூம் பிரேக் மூலம் நிறுத்தப்படுகிறது. ஏர் கம்ப்ரஷர்ஸ் மற்றும் வாக்யூம் எக்ஸாஸ்டர்ஸ் ரயில் இன்ஜின் மற்றும் பெட்டிகளில் பொருத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. ரயில் ஓடிக் கொண்டிருக்கும்போது ரயில் பெட்டிகளின் அடிப்பாகத்தில் பொருத்தப்பட்டுள்ள வாக்யூம் குழாய்களில் வெற்றிடம் உருவாக்கப்படுகிறது. இக்குழாயில் சதுர இஞ்ச்சிற்கு 20-22 இஞ்ச் வெற்றிடம் உருவாக்கப்படுகிறது.
எல்லா பெட்டிகளிலும் பொருத்தப்பட்டுள்ள வாக்யூம் சிலிண்டர்களிலும் வெற்றிடம் உருவாக்கப்படும். இவ்வெற்றிடம் சக்கரங்களுடன் இணைக்கப் பட்டிருக்கும் பிரேக்கை விலக்கிப் பிடித்திருக்கும். ரயில் பெட்டியிலுள்ள அபாயச் சங்கிலியை நாம் இழுக்கும்போது, வெற்றிடத்தை உருவாக்கும் கருவியானது நிறுத்தப்பட்டு, அதனுடன் பொருத்தப்பட்டுள்ள வால்வு திறந்து, காற்று உள்ளே செலுத்தப்படுகிறது.
அதன் காரணமாக பிரேக் செயல்படத் தொடங்குகிறது. வெற்றிடக் குழாய்கள் அனைத்துப் பெட்டிகளுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டிருப்பதால், காற்று அனைத்துப் பகுதியிலும் நுழைந்து எல்லா பெட்டிகளிலும் பிரேக் செயல்படத் தொடங்குகிறது. ரயில் நிறுத்தப்படுகிறது. எந்தப் பெட்டியில் அபாயச் சங்கிலி இழுக்கப்பட்டது என்பதை இன்ஜினிலிருந்த படியே கண்டறிய முடியும்...
Who was the devloper of the C language ?
A) Denial winston B) rechard hunsal C) james watson D) Dennis Ritchie
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